ABSTRACT
Background: Stroke is a global health problem and the second most common cause of death. It also entails a high socioeconomic burden due to increased mortality and morbidity. Despite substantial advances for treatment of stroke, effective primary stroke prevention remains the best means for reducing stroke burden. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study including 100 cerebrovascular patients and hundred non-cerebrovascular accident controls(age-sex matched) who were studied to determine the incidence of various types of stroke and association of various modifiable risk factors with stroke. Results: Incidence of ischaemic stroke was more than haemorrhagic stroke. Also, strong correlation exists between smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and stroke. Conclusions: Effective management of these common risk factors can reduce the incidence, mortality and morbidity associated with stroke. Hence, primary prevention of stroke is of immense public health importance.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: It has been recently reported that Bisphenol A (BPA) may leach out into food, beverages and water samples from the plastic ware in which it is stored. Serious health hazards have been reported from BPA. The purpose of this study is to assess the BPA contents in blood and to assess the risk of cancer. METHOD: A total of 100 individuals were selected for study according to the following five age groups: 5-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 and 41-50 years. They were then further divided into normal and diseased. Age, gender, education, source of drinking water, type of food, smoking habit, any exposure to chemicals and history of cancer were elicited during interview. Blood samples were collected and processed for analysis using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC) in isocratic mode. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (1:1) at a flow-rate of 1 ml min-1. RESULTS: Bisphenol A contents found in blood samples of all age groups ranged from 1.53-3.98 (mean = 2.94, SD = 0.9). P-values, for the exposed people and those having a history of cancer, were < 0.05 showing a significant relationship between BPA and cancer. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has established a reference dose of 50 µg/L. Odd ratios and relative risk for smoking habit were < 1 while for all others they were > 1. CONCLUSION: It was concluded from the study that people using bottled water, packaged food, having a history ofcancer and who had been exposed to any type ofchemicals are at higher risk ofdisease.
OBJETIVO: Se ha reportado recientemente que el bisfenol A (BPA) puede filtrarse a alimentos, bebidas y agua, a partir de los recipientes plásticos en que aquellos se almacenan. En tal sentido, se han reportado serios casos de riesgo para la salud a causa del BPA. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la concentración de BPA en sangre, y el consiguiente riesgo de enfermedades cancerosas. MÉTODO: Un total de 100 individuos fueron seleccionados para el estudio, de acuerdo con los siguientes cinco grupos etarios: 5-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 y 41-50 años. Dichos grupos fueron divididos entonces sobre la base de sujetos normales frente a enfermos. En la entrevista se tomó nota de la edad, el género, la educación, la fuente de agua potable, el tipo de comida, el hábito de fumar, cualquier exposición a productos químicos, así como la historia de cáncer. Las muestras de sangre fueron recogidas y procesadas para realizar análisis, utilizando cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia de fase reversa (rp-HPLC) en modo isocrático. La fase móvil consistió en acetonitrilo y agua (1:1) con una tasa de flujo de 1 ml min-1. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones de bisfenol-A halladas en las muestras de sangre de todos los grupos etarios, oscilaron de 1.53 - 3.98 (M = 2.94, SD = 0.9). Los valores P para las personas expuestas y con una historia de cáncer, fueron < 0.05, indicando una relación directa entre el BPA y el cáncer. La Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (US EPA) ha establecido una dosis de referencia de 50 µg/L. El cociente de probabilidades (odd ratios) y el riesgo relativo con respecto al hábito de fumar fueron < 1 mientras que para todos los otros casos otros fueron >1. CONCLUSIÓN: A partir del estudio se concluye que las personas que usan agua embotellada, alimentos empaquetados, así como las personas que poseen una historia de cáncer, y los individuos que habían estado expuestos a cualquier tipo de productos químicos, presentan un mayor riesgo de enfermedad.